Letter, 5th November 2006
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The way of Tao
Tao is simultaneously one of the least precise and most representative terms in a Chinese culture which is losing itself in the mists of time and one whose existence the West was forced to recognize during its colonial conquests. The bond between Chinese and modern civilization is still fragile insofar as the European mind struggles to use those Chinese concepts which attract it without seriously distorting them. This is essentially why the philosophy of yin and yang has not been revealed to date, all the more so because it seems likely that China itself has lost the last guardians of the metaphysics of Tao over the ages.
We can understand the basis of the system of yin and yang by placing ourselves back in a paradigm which is simple, but very different from our own. The idea of changing the world which lies at the heart of the Judeo-Christian system is just a distinctive identity from which we must free ourselves to approach the original essence of Taoism. We must concur, in accordance with the facts, that the world is vast enough to have developed mentalities which differ greatly from each other in different places and eras. What we mean by mentality is the universal spirit's ability to grasp external reality and adapt to it, while uncovering principles and laws which allow one to anchor certain permanent criteria in the rapid movement of duration. As soon as a civilization seizes criteria which are not its own, it is forced to reject them or run the risk of losing its own representative structures, or it corrupts and distorts them to fit them into its own arsenal of concepts, in order to be able absorb them in some way into a global view of history. It is, therefore, absolutely certain that nobody can experience the basis of another cosmogony unless they have completely freed themselves from the mentality of their own origins. In simple terms, this means that a westerner cannot become a Taoist unless he has completely rid himself of the mental constructs which his brain has inherited from his own history in time and place.
We must adapt to the notion that perception of reality can be completely different in human beings who possess a different culture. For a Chinese Taoist, every transformation is merely the result of a new relationship between things and as such it cannot be viewed as a goal, a target or finality, and it will only ever be a provisional and limited part which it is dangerous to separate from the whole. Admittedly we can produce visions of the best we can achieve, as in the advice of Lao-Tzu to the emperor, but these are wishes and recommendations and not a political will as such, articulating precise methods. All positive or negative transformation is merely the natural fruit of the perpetual change which animates things and claiming to achieve preconceived transformations because that they would be convenient is not a vision which features in Chinese philosophy. In fact, particular decisions emanating from the intellect bring answers in a specific sphere, but it remains impossible to foresee all the consequences they bring, which make ripples in the water spreading out from the initial place where they fell. The best example of analytical policy which claims to resolve a particular problem by abstracting it from its system as a whole is the modern medical industry, which is flooded with prescriptions for easily identifiable symptoms which will disappear with medication, while causing side effects.
Ever since its origins, Chinese thought has liked to consider itself to be holistic, based on an integrated vision viewed in broad terms which is always sufficient to adjust the details, i.e. the permanent flux of small transformations which affect daily life. In fact it is a case of feeling the way in which all factors entwine with each other so deeply that this process will allow one to deduce the consequences which will emerge, to reject those which probably seem harmful and to retain those which will be favourable. The will to change events and situations by force would seem to be an outside import to this extremely deep philosophy, in which we know that things follow their inexorable course and that it is difficult to change their direction. Success will not be the outcome of a fight or of a will obsessed by objects, but of a patient assessment of factors, an evaluation of their proportions and this entails painstaking work, adjournments, playing for time, waiting for the right moment, giving up sudden impulses, emotions and reactions.
This is the opposite strategy to rushing, for example, into armed conquest, where violence and force disturb the world order to create artificial states. (It would be interesting to observe that language constitutes a more fundamental historic state than nations or political empires, cf the disintegration of the empires of Alexander the Great, the Romans and Napoleon).
The Tao appears to be more like a huge river, whose bed is so broad that it has no boundaries, than an authoritative principle. One can, however, try to conform to it, conformity being in the final analysis one of the only concepts of Taoism (conformity to the way, to the superior essence and to "return"), through a sort of luxury of the soul and not because it is necessary to do it. This is an important point, because unlike the many exoteric religious revelations which want us to fear the superior authority of the principles - God, cosmic laws, etc. - Tao pours forth freedom and distributes consciousness without asking for anything in return, thus excluding from the outset all moral attitudes from the search for pure unity. Joining this current which leads time itself ever further downstream and admitting that a reality exists which scoffs at our emotions and absorbs all opposites into itself – this is the paradigm of a vision of the world which may also have been lost, but whose traces we find in Li Tzu, Chuang Tzu and Lao-Tzu.
It is a mistake to view earthly spirituality as a large accessible jigsaw puzzle in which any piece can interlock perfectly with the others. One must first abandon one's own framework in order to understand a foreign one. It is impossible to superimpose visions of the world, even if the mind succeeds in order to pull the wool over its own eyes and to appropriate on a superficial level things whose depths are beyond its reach. It is wrong to think that a believer can understand the humanism of an atheist other than by making a mosaic, as Gurdjieff would say, or that a pure yogi who is progressing through discrimination alone can put himself in the place of a mystic possessed by the Divine, transported above the Self, in Iswara, for example, the consciousness of the Lord. Each individual defines their path as a function of their needs and skills, but it is a mental lie to claim that one can justify one's own route by comparing it to somebody else's. What we will know about it must, by definition, be superficial and read off a map, whereas the other person will actually be experiencing this map in living spiritual territory, which we cannot imagine.
The Tao is broad enough to encompass all opposites, contradictions and journeys and although we cannot define it, we can however infer some aspects in order to gain some objective results, like in quantum mechanics, starting from the hypothesis of its indivisibility: if it contains everything then nothing can contain it. It can only be defined by itself and moreover there are several Sanskrit expressions which correspond to this mental explosion: I am that, meaning all and nothing, in a unity with no edges or cuts. The Tao is therefore the Hindu Brahman, and this is moreover the reason why the way of Chan was able to develop by saving original Buddhism which also targeted the Self, while impregnating it with Taoist symbols. Perhaps Buddha avoided defining the result of his quest as immersion in Brahman, but if he was in fact able to be assimilated to an avatar of Vishnu, it must be because his system leads to liberation, Hindu moksha by another means, bypassing the issue of the existence of God and advocating personal, trustworthy effort in order to free oneself from fear and desire. What is unknowable through intellectual means can sometimes reveal itself through a split in our mode of perception.
The Tao will obviously lie beyond all characteristics and is therefore reminiscent of the Self without any attributes upheld by certain Indian wise men, who abandon trying to make people believe that some sort of model for the truth can enable us to achieve it. This brings them into conflict with didactic teachers who are anxious to establish a school of thought and who maintain that the Self can be considered, a like a diamond, through the facets which it offers the intellect, although its volume is invisible. It adorns itself with attributes and it is true that for those of superior intelligence this clothing process can paradoxically give rise to progressive exposure, as the attributes constitute layers which gradually become more relative, or even opaque, because they are limited intellectual images. We emphasize representations in order to move beyond them, but it is a difficult living art, which we may well only be able to explore with a teacher ,but which is particularly unpredictable. Thought which does not lead to meditation and contemplation remains in the mental sphere and does not open the doors which it enumerates. Moving to higher states of consciousness, where the mind is neither a screen nor a filter is difficult to achieve and this is why it is pointless to criticize teachings for their lack of success. Their very aim lies in being transcended, which is not possible if we cling to their letter. Rigidity is the culmination of the yang principle, which kills it. An intellectual dead-end must lead to greater receptiveness and an admission of the limitations of the mind and only then can new views establish themselves in the self.
However, for the majority of human beings, conceptualizing the spiritual universe, which is by definition beyond the realms of conception, remains a double-edged sword as a method for discovering Tao. This is why Lao-Tzu restricts himself to the most basic properties (which are empty, invisible, intangible and insipid or unable to receive any characteristic), stating nevertheless that they are insufficient to encompass his being since the named path is not integral, eternal or in conformity with the Principle. He swiftly reveals his intentions: any picture which depicts supreme reality is not commensurate with or equal to it, but any attempt to evoke it, however inept or incomplete, can make us feel like making "the return journey". In ancient Chinese, te ching even means simply 'a statement of action in accordance with the principle' and not 'the book of the way and of virtue', which creates an opposition between the two terms.
One cannot in all sincerity let oneself be penetrated by a system which offends one's own perceptions without cheating or becoming compromised by a misleading form of composite. Similarly, a staunch Buddhist, whatever the nature of his philosophy and his practical skill, or even his "realization", cannot understand the many forms of Hinduism if he does not personally feel the presence of a Spirit in the world, which can be associated with general representations of God or of a creative intelligence. He will find everything which refers to the possible "submission" of the individual being to the Divine pointless and will therefore consider his own system to be superior and much more economical as an evolutionary strategy. It is therefore probable that only minds which are concerned with freeing themselves from programmes of perception which have been inflicted on them by their contingent origin can really benefit from sources other than those which are immediately available to them. We can already find this aim as a prerequisite for awakening in the vision of Sankara, which in the end only opposes the self and the avidya, the natural state of ignorance concealing impersonal consciousness, as all the rest are just intermediaries between the two – the mind which deals with perceptions and the intellect which would like to appropriate reality, but merely collects its countless paths like equations in quantum mechanics.
Those who feel the difficulty inherent in absorbing other cosmogonies dispose of the problem in a fairly conventional manner, consisting of saying that races find their own systems which suit them and to which they are attached. Thus Taoism is suited to the Chinese people and their purely analogical and structural language. Animism is suited to black peoples who do not separate themselves from nature and use magic to bypass the frontier between life and death. Sentimental deism suits Caucasians, who full of resourcefulness in action and, unlike Asians, are always ready to confront what is with what should be, which predisposes them to have a subjective and personal relationship with a God endowed with many anthropomorphic characteristics. Total asceticism suits Hindus, who have never really liked matter and consider it inferior to the mind as a base or collaborator - a vision which is particular to Taoism, tantrism and supramental revelation. Shamanism is appropriate for those who approach time in a cyclical manner and for whom the written word has never gained widespread acceptance.
The first job that needs to be done is to eliminate what God represents in our cultures, to avoid reducing him to the proportions of history or to characteristics which are genetically our own in a way. To this extent it does not matter what name we give to the supreme Reality, and in some respects the Tao can be a fairly cautious means of designating it, since the three patriarchs insisted that no image could be made of pure reality since it preceded heaven and earth and these two worlds are filters through which we perceive all and nothing from our intermediary position between the two. We no longer have to search for this supreme reality in life, any more than on the inside, in our being any more than in the principles of the manifestation, because the idea of parcelling up the sphere of reality would seem to be wrong from the outset.
Avoiding seizing anything with unshakeable conviction, but staying open to unity is a superior principle to calibration, which splits things up then does not know how to reconstitute the whole again. Just as it is easy to strip down a car engine to understand its components, but more difficult to put it all back together when one is not a mechanic, thus breaking down reality and claiming at the outset to explain its workings only uncovers its processes and once the universe is unfolded as it were, the instructions are not always obvious. What must the supreme art of decision-making be based on?
The path entails grasping the alternating phases of the principle, the reversal of yin and yang and vice versa when it manifests itself. Fixing the pattern in a diagram can at most be useful at the beginning and then it is of no further use. Accounting for the existence of day and night or becoming aware of the complementary nature of sleeping and wakefulness or of desire and satisfaction, may be necessary to inspire birth initially, but then it all falls out of the framework of the present on which we are required to surf, as darkness can become light and light can grow darker at any time under the general impulse of combined elements.
You do not become a good chess player by repeating the rules of the game, but by memorizing them and practising as many games as possible. Thus Chinese philosophy establishes the chessboard of yin and yang and as soon as we have accepted, understood and internalized it, the game unfolds. Am I inspired or am I reacting? Am I acting creatively or mechanically? Am I really listening or are miasmas, resentment and suffering causing interference? Separating the two principles is not that easy because they are combined from the outset, associated by an indivisible force, with one leading the other irremediably, although a third term, median emptiness, can sometimes separate them and put them into perspective.
For traditional Chinese minds, concepts have no real existence beyond their practical application. Philosophers of science are coming to the same conclusion today and every theory only has a limited sphere of application beyond which it is irrelevant. The complexity of quantum mechanics has led to the rejection of the notion of an ontology of theories because there are a great number of them and their results often overlap and diverge again. The simplest thing is to consider that each one has its own use, but its effectiveness is only limited to a restricted number of processes. We must use each in the area in which its processes are the best while conceding that they are rivals in a sphere of countless potentialities which, by its very nature, defies any attempt at reductionism.
It is perhaps because it is difficult to define what freedom brings in terms of precise benefits that Chinese thinkers preserved the message of the patriarchs for a sort of elite, often artists, who dreamed of discovering the feeling of being as one with the Whole. For others, the appeal of the oceanic feeling (whose spiritual legitimacy was never acknowledged by Freud) is too vague to represent anything interesting and requires a particular approach in the form of abandonment and non-action. The abstract (Tao) leads to the concrete (Tao). (The path stems from the principle and the path leads to the Principle in a fundamental and direct way which is unknown in Hinduism other than in tantrism and in the supramental revelation of Sri Aurobindo). In Hinduism, reaching the self, which fundamentally alters the subject's consciousness, seems to be a sufficient end in itself and allows the self to be free of obligation to the "manifestation". The phenomenal world is like dross which we have finally got rid of and all that remains is to advocate the way out, as it were, from a form of impersonal consciousness, independent of the physical body. As for the Chinese mind, it cannot "forget" material reality in any circumstances and use the excuse of accessing the Tao to reject the earthly condition which is worthy of being experienced "differently" once illumination has been achieved, whereas Hindus extrapolate easily, by deciding, for example, to escape from the wheel of incarnations.
There is nothing to reject. Observation separates action from rest, the clear from the cloudy and thought opens up the possible higher branches, the universe of extreme overlaps between the subject and the whole, which the Taoist learns to achieve through passive concentration, combining the characteristics of yin and yang - feminine abandonment and masculine vigilance. It is, therefore, a philosophy, a religion or a tradition which dispenses with a large number of presuppositions which renders it inaccessible to the philosophical mind and it is content to draw up an inventory of reality which can be deciphered through yin and yang on the basis that beyond them a source transcends them both. If there is anything to "quibble" over it would be over the actual measurements of the concrete proportions of things and situations and not over the ideas or concepts.
Tao can be felt in nature, tamed by the intellect, deciphered in the course of things which alternate phases of activity and rest, failure and success, light and clarity. All we have to do to come close to the Chinese vision is to view each pair of opposites as a whole. Day is not the opposite of night, but the same thing in its reverse phase. The same is true of evil, which is merely the mirror image of Good and is in no sense its opposite. These are independent realities which can expand into vastness according to their own standards, which become mirror images and persevering in trying to differentiate between them is an intellectual undertaking which is doomed from the outset. All good is transformed into evil when it becomes excessive, which is apparent, for example, when a state or kingdom takes such care of each subject that he loses own individuality (the excesses of the welfare state and Communism) and all evil is transformed into good when it is saturated with itself, just as peace regains the upper hand after war and discussion comes after an argument, etc... A mind which naturally sees opposites as two faces of the same coin cannot conceive of the world in such Manichean terms as a mind which spends its time contrasting opposites, which perseveres in trying to make the face of the coin which it prefers prevail. For the Chinese, reality is a Moebius strip, a single-sided strip (one end of which has simply been twisted once before it is joined to the other end) and it is only perspective which affects this single side which can be viewed from above or below without altering its unity. From this point of view, ontology seems to be a pointless concept in Chinese philosophy.
It is, therefore, a system which does not state where we must search for the truth because it only exists on the plane of a better overlap between the self and the Whole. It is cement between the stone and the keystone, between the individual and the universe. Aspiration to be lacks ostentation, does not wallow in liturgy and devotional practices and it places itself squarely in a position where it listens totally to what comes from the self, inside, and to what comes from the great magic force, Te, which forms the world and manipulates it. There is nothing to add to this dual way of observing the Moebius strip. Its internal face is, broadly speaking, introspection and the need to be forced to function for oneself and its external face asks 'Who am I in this world?' The problem therefore lies in identifying where things come from - the self or the non-self - and this disentanglement is a necessary and sufficient process for coming back to the Tao. Everything will be gone through with a fine-tooth comb, without any lyrical flights of fancy and without the pretension of succeeding (as is also the case in the Gita) and forces will have to be answerable. Desire will have to submit, along with all the gratifying little expectations by which ordinary men set such great store, such as fame and triumphant prosperity whose envy engenders permanent and pernicious mental activity which runs counter to essential Tao, one of whose first characteristics is quiet immobility beyond accident or circumstances.
If an appeal to the Tao is not natural, then it is not trustworthy. We are, therefore, a long way from other cultures which want to impose their religious beliefs and moral ethical system on the greatest number of people by force and who believe that they can change the course of the great River Tao with their petty locks made up of various forms of intimidation and sacred advice, which the priests of different religions know so well how to implement. Bringing somebody into line with one's thinking, however good it might be, is a human undertaking which is doomed to failure, based on a deep misunderstanding of real laws and idealistic bias, which is puerile, not to say stupid. In Taoism there is nothing to prove, because everything is a sign of the supreme Tao, which allows human beings to be masters of their own existences, as Lao-Tzu says in chapter 5. It is a question of knowing how to promote a return towards the Principle, the call towards the divine, the spiritual vocation and this question is not clear-cut. Lao-Tzu sows without trying desperately to reap and advises the prince, but Chuang Tzu refuses a ministerial post. They both nevertheless demonstrate the same thing – the supremacy of a single, indescribable, reality which eludes concepts, but which can be felt and liberates all human ambitions in favour of vision without blind spots which does not need to appropriate things to enjoy them.
The philosophy of yin and yang enables us to see the intellect which leads to the world in motion and when we start by observing whether we are active, receptive or a mixture of both, then the spiritual work is beginning. Receptiveness must tend towards abandonment and allow inner associations to occur, wherever they lead and activity must be directed and controlled without interference. However, in general, human beings live by mixing the two areas in which they are neither really receptive - because the mind continues to grasp sensations - nor really active because their activity is not very creative, fairly conventional, rather drowsy or mechanical. The two poles can grow alternately and one ought only to distinguish between them. The more we learn to "let go", the more creative our return to personal activity becomes and this is the direction in which work should be undertaken. It does not work in the opposite direction. Developing the subjective, controlled, willing, focused projection does not ever lead to a reversal of yin (except in disastrous cases!), because nature derives deep satisfaction from always creating new ties with the outside.
What we have to defuse is a taste for action, which is difficult, as it stems from animals which have no means of abandoning themselves to existence other than in tiredness and sleep. Succeeding in persuading the mind to remain passive is a strategy which does not vary in all the traditional arts – Buddhism, Chan, Taoism and Hinduism. This reversal is never advocated in the cultural realm because the mind lives in order to appropriate reality by grasping it and one can only learn from a wise man how to turn the mind back towards its source, i.e. to ask the intellect to go against the current instead of letting it weave its web of images downstream with the same warp and weft which it has inherited. We find this same fundamental concern in Indian tantras, in which the same path is described differently, with less economy and with flourishes which seem pointless to the Chinese mind and intellectual refinements which the Taoist challenges as mere delicacies. There is much intellectual eros in Hindu and European thought and previously in Greek thought also, but this is replaced by the Chinese with a pragmatic sense of being in the right place at the right time, which is a more all-encompassing emotion closer to sensation. Hindus and Europeans find the sanction of a rational mental impression indispensable and comforting.
The Chinese language promotes abstraction since the same ideogram or sign can have different signifiers. Thus the same picture has different layers of interpretation which are consistent and often the concrete will lead to the abstract or the object to an attribute. Seeing the world outside recorded memory and the ancient Chinese language as becoming lost in the mists of time is a habit and the "subject of the verb", so to speak, is less resonant than in our languages; infinitives lay down the law, whereas connections, circumstances and behaviour define the subject in relation to the position which it occupies rather than to a unique identity.
Underestimating the depths of China has become a sort of natural attitude since it has lost its own soul in the last thousand years, leading right up to the total apostasy represented by Communism - an atheist religion which prevailed for a while here or there over moribund religious values. If Taoism and Christianity had stayed alive, then Communism could never have seized the soul of the great populations of the East, but since humanism was dead, solidarity was lost and transcendence forgotten, the temptation to act on man through external effects was ready to unfold, right up to the point of failure, to emphasize the lost heritage which remains for us to rediscover now that coercion had proven to be a useless method and levelling a monstrous notion. The summons must come from the self and this is the only power which can transform the ready-made interpretations of feelings and events which are encoded in our all-powerful collective and cultural memory.
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